Study

The last blog, Fast BSS Transition, was based on the 802.11r amendment. There are two other amendments that make roaming more efficient. Those two will be discussed in this blog. We are talking about 802.11k (RRM) and 802.11v (WNM). 802.11k Radio resource measurement (RRM) is a mechanism that helps to understand RF better. RRM can …

Fast BSS Transition (FT) is defined in the amendment 802.11r and is since 802.11-2012 a standard. 802.11r, together with 802.11k and 802.11v, are the three amendments that must make roaming better and more efficient. The difference between OKC and FT is that FT has a new key hierarchy, which will be discussed later in this …

In my first security study blog, Security Overview, I explained why encryption is important. In quick review, wireless transmits in the open air and without encryption all the data is plain text and able to read by everybody with the right tools. There are some terminologies that are used for data encryption that need to …

In the blog about legacy encryption we covered in depth WEP and TKIP as encryption methods. This blog is about encryption methods, in general, and CCMP/GCMP, the non legacy methods. Encryption operates at layer 2 and is for protecting the upper layers (3-7) from the OSI model. The MPDU (MAC Protocol Data Unit) has a …

The advantage for dynamic encryption is that the encryption key cannot be compromised by, for example, social engineering. With static keys, all the keys need to be replaced in your environment. With dynamic encryption, it is not possible to compromise the key with social engineering since the user is not aware of the keys. Another …

In previous blogs, I talked about the 4-way handshake. During this process, the PTK and the GTK are sent and installed. This is done by EAP over LAN-key frames (EAPOL-keys), but this is not used only by the 4-way handshake. The other handshakes that use this process are: – Group Key handshake – PeerKey handshake …